Large media company that owns many other companies,
Each segment is called a subsidiaries.
E.G Pre-Disney 21st century Fox
Subsidiary of 21st Century Fox; Fox, Fox TV, Fox home entertainment, Sky news
They deliberately own subsidiaries that make a range of different media products because then they don't compete with each other, can collaborate (synergy) - more opportunities to advertise, more profit due to many revenue streams, mass audience - many different audiences
when a conglomerate owns subsidiaries that make a range of media products it is said to have, cross media ownership
Vertical Integration - made of 3 steps: Production, Distribution (Advertising and Release to Cinema, Tv etc), Exchange- make money
Horizontal Integration - The ability of a conglomerate to distribute their product on different platforms that they own (Services E.G TV channels they own, Radio stations they own, newspapers they own, game services they own, streaming services they own and things they don't own as well such as Social media, Cinemas and other streaming services although unlikely if they have their own)
Independent
Has no subsidiaries, not owned by anyone,
E.G Warp Films - Independent film company
Product- This is England, Four Lions
Specialise in one media type because they don't have subsidiaries,
Struggle to distribute as it doesn't have vertical integration so it often works with a conglomerate to distribute - Called a "Joint Venture" Warp Films often works with Channel Four because it has cross media ownership
Warp tend to make "Social Realism" films that deal with real social issues, more niche as it doesn't need to appeal to a wide audience as with a conglomerate
Differences between Conglomerates and Independent
- Conglomerates find it easier to distribute because they have subsidiaries with allow Vertical/Horizontal Intergration
- Mass Audience vs Niche Audience
- Subsidiaries vs Needing Joint Venture with a Conglomerate
- Can make more different media types because they have cross media ownership - Have no subsidiaries so can only make one media type
- Have more infrastructure makes production easier with VI and HI - No infrastructure
- Have less freedom with the topics/themes of their products vs Have total freedom over the topics of their products
Public Service Broadcaster
BBC largest PSB in the UK, ITV, Channel 4 and 5 is also a PSB
They have to inform, educate and entertain their audience.
Funded via a TV license
BBC targets the masses, especially with BBC 1
Channel 4 is more niche, has quirkier shows
BBC has no adverts because it isn't allowed with due to the TV licence, Dave is the only channel with adverts
BBC Products: TV, Radio, Films, Web, Print. This gives them cross-media ownership
BBC is similar to a conglomerate because it has difference subsidiaries that allows them to use Horizontal intergrations to promote their own products on their other subsidiaries. Also they can use Vertical integration to promote the products whist simultaneously making them that they make and distribute them on their own platforms, such as iPlayer. However they will not exchange because the products won't appear in cinemas and won't cost money if you have a TV licence.
Production Process
Radio
Pre-Production- The planning stage, coming up with idea, finding funding, accessing equipment
Accessing Equipment/Locations - Recording studios, Microphones,
Finding funding
Obtaining copyrights for songs
Scheduling director
Script Writer
Production - creation - recording
Creation of radio idents - Sound Engineers - Musicians
Recording with personnel
Hosts
Guests/Voice Actors
DJs
Post Production - Editing, compiling
Compiling assets, audio editing
Film
PreProduction
Casting director
Script writer
Storyboarding
Producer
Production
Camera Crew
Lighting and sound engineer
Director of photography
Post Production
Film editor/s
Special Effects
Magazines
PreProduction
Editor
Graphic Designer - Plan the layout, sketches
Photographer
Production
Graphic Designer
Photographer
Journalist
PostProduction
Editor
Graphic Designer
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